“Museum”is a slippery word.It first meant(in Greek)anything consecrated to the Muses:a hill,a shrine,a garden,a

festival or even a textbook.Both Plato’s Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum had a mouseion,a muses shrine.Although the

Greeks already collected detached works of art,many temples—notably that of Hera at Olympia(before which the Olympic

flame is still lit)—had collections of objects,some of which were works of art by well-known masters,while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its main purpose.

The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples,as well as mineral specimens,exotic plants,

animals;and they plundered sculptures and paintings(mostly Greek)for exhibition.Meanwhile,the Greek word had slippeD.into Latin by transliteration(though not to signify picture galleries,which were called pinacothecae)and museum still more or

less meant“Muses-shrine”.

The inspirational collections of precious and semi-precious objects were kept in larger churches and monasteries—which

focused on the gold-enshrined,bejewelled relics of saints and martyrs.Princes,and later merchants,had similar collections,

which became the deposits of natural curiosities:large lumps of amber or coral,irregular pearls,unicorn horns,ostrich eggs,

fossil bones and so on.They also included coins and gems—often antique engraved ones—as well as,increasingly,paintings and sculptures.As they multiplied and expanded,to supplement them,the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.

At the same time,visitors could admire the very grandest paintings and sculptures in the churches,palaces and castles;

they were not“collected”either,but“site-specific”,and were considered an integral part both of the fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went on inside them—and most of the buildings were public ones.However,during the revival of

antiquity in the fifteenth century